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Disease Markers That Will Aid Arthritis Research
A combination of biochemical and MRI markers will allow improved measurement of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The biomarkers, described in BioMed Central"s open access journal Arthritis Research and Therapy, will be useful for the design and interpretation of trials of new disease modifying drugs.
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New UIC Center To Eliminate Health Disparities Established With $7M Grant
The University of Illinois at Chicago has been awarded a $7.2 million federal grant to establish the UIC Center of Excellence in Eliminating Health Disparities.
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Los Angeles Times Examines Increase In Caesarean Births, Related Rise In Risk, Cost
Caesarean sections -- which are performed in 31% of births, up from 4.5% in 1965 -- often are considered an unnecessary risk and "an example of how the intensive and expensive U.S. brand of medicine has failed to deliver better results and may, in fact, be doing more harm than good," the Los Angeles Times reports. According to the Times, c-sections can increase a woman"s risk of complications, such as infection, blood clots and premature delivery. Even without complication, c-sections typically result in longer hospital stays and increased costs. Expenses related to c-section births account for 45% of the more than $79 billion in annual hospital charges that childbirth incurs in the U.S. annually. The average uncomplicated c-section costs about $4,500, which is about twice the cost for vaginal births. C-sections cost about $13,000 for privately insured patients. According to a 2008 report by Childbirth Connection, "The financial toll of maternity care on private (insurers)/employers and Medicaid/taxpayers is especially large." It also said, "Maternity care thus plays a considerable role in escalating health care costs, which increasingly threaten the financial stability of families, employers, and federal and state budgets." Addressing the Increase
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'Hijacking Mechanism' Of HIV-1' Pinpointed By McGill/JGH Researchers

Researchers at McGill University and the affiliated Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Montreal"s Jewish General Hospital - along with colleagues at the University of Manitoba and the University of British Columbia - may have found a chink in the armour of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the microorganism which causes AIDS. They have pinpointed the key cellular machinery co-opted by HIV-1 to hijack the human cell for its own benefit. Their study was published in May in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Once a cell is infected with HIV-1, activation of the virus"s gene generates a large HIV-1 RNA molecule known as the RNA genome. This is then transported from the cell nucleus to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The RNA genome can produce both structural proteins and enzymes, but once it arrives at the plasma membrane it can also assemble into new copies of the virus that actually bud out of the cell. Dr. Andrew J. Mouland and his colleagues have discovered how the RNA genome gets transported - or trafficked - from the nucleus to the plasma membrane. "There is a highway inside the human cell," explained Dr. Mouland, Associate Professor at McGill"s Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology and head of the HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory at the Lady Davis Institute. "When you drive your car to Toronto you"re "trafficking" the items in your trunk. Similarly, what we have shown is that HIV-1 commandeers the host cell"s endosomal machinery to traffic its structural proteins and RNA genome. Imagine that it"s essentially jumping on board for the ride and directing it to where it needs to go. This trafficking can occur very fast in cells; so this is how these key components of HIV-1 so efficiently get to the plasma membrane, where the virus can begin to assemble. "The RNA genome is critical, because if it doesn"t get trafficked to the right place at the plasma membrane, the virus will not be infectious," he explained. This discovery is extremely exciting, Dr. Mouland said, because now that researchers understand a little more about how the cell"s transport machinery is hijacked by HIV-1, they have hopes that they can now begin to devise strategies to block the process. This work is substantiated by a co-submitted manuscript from the group of ç‰douard Bertrand at the Institut de gçİnçİtique molçİculaire de Montpellier, Centre national de recherche scientifique. The Bertrand group will publish its work in the same journal in June, 2009. Mark Shainblum McGill University


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